Its focus, then, is, on developing alternative methods while promoting the, reduction of animal numbers to the minimum necessary. Each of these program ele-, ments may be influenced by the economic, religious, and, cultural experience of the personnel at the institution, as, well as the degree of their training and level of authority, Institutions that engage in outsourcing or interna-, tional collaborations should establish a mechanism for, ensuring that animal care and use at the remote site is, of a caliber that is appropriate and acceptable. While there are significant differences in how these have been developed and implemented in each country, they are based on basic ethical principle… Subsidiary legislation supplement. 0000002073 00000 n Animal welfare refers to, the state of the animal; the treatment that an animal receives is, covered by other terms such as animal care, animal husbandry, This definition is used throughout the entire T, trial Code, including the chapter on the “Use of Animals, and zoonoses, countries ranging from Afghanistan to. In India, the development of guide-, lines for the operation of Institutional Animal Ethics, Committees (IAECs) is assigned to the Indian National, In Canada, the regulation of the use of animals spe-, cifically in research falls under provincial rather than, animal welfare legislation of some sort, but that legisla-. of environmental impacts of livestock farming require detailed knowledge of the presence of livestock, farming practices, <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 131 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> 20. Son muchos los tipos de relaciones que hemos creado con ellos, desde vestido, alimento, compañía e incluso entretenimiento y experimenta-ción. Thus, the motivation for airlines to carry, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ, http://animalwelfare.nzva.org.nz/sites/default/. Ministry of, Hearn, J., 1995. 0000031016 00000 n Other sug-, gestions made by the participants regarding desirable, and useful skills and knowledge included knowledge of, biosecurity practices to minimize the spread of disease, in the research animal colonies; knowledge of nontradi-, tional species medicine and biology; familiarity with the, available types of caging and support equipment; and, understanding the potential impact of various facility, environmental factors on animal well-being and experi-, The recent trend toward outsourcing or of, of animal research has evoked concern about appropri-, ate animal welfare standards, qualifications of person-, nel, and the quality of the data generated from animals. at the landscape level. The American Journal of Bioeth-, Reid, C.S.W., 1995. The need for, assurance that the caliber of animal research and animal, welfare are consistent and that such animal use is done in, a humane and conscientious manner is of concern to the, holders. opment and outcome of projects at establishment level, foster a climate of care and provide tools for the practical, application and timely implementation of recent techni-, cal and scientific developments in relation to the prin-, ciples of replacement, reduction and refinement, in order. facilitate collaboration in several areas of mutual interest, including cooperation in the development and revision, of international animal welfare standards and guidelines, and the roles and responsibilities of the veterinary profes-. Retrieved from Government Gazette, No. The second, yet performance-based, information on various aspects, of the IACUC's oversight duties and refers back to the, emphasis on implementing the Three Rs and note that, their purpose is to “promote the humane and respon-, sible care and use of animals for Scientific Purposes in, accordance with the principles of Replacement, Reduc-, In 2006 (and currently under revision), the Sci-, ultimate responsibility for all experiments with the, director of the institution, but also encourage the for-, mation of an IACUC. World Society for the Protection of Animals, London. drug production and clinical research is done. 0000002335 00000 n Foremost among these reports is, tional policies and responsibilities; standards for the, animal's environment, housing, and management; the, veterinary medical care program; and the physical, plant. significantly benefit animal research. of animal welfare now include scientists and ethicists, which results in increases in scientific understanding. The author analyzes the common themes addressed by speakers at the AVMA/AAVMC conference on animal welfare, adding a few comments of his own. The AEC, is also charged with monitoring animal housing and, husbandry within the institution as well as compliance, Regulation of the use of animals in RTT in New Zea-, land began in 1983 with an amendment to the Animals, Use of animals is restricted to institutions holding a. H��T[n�0��)t��(�����G�v�~���%�a�YlP�g�#Jڐ�>P����T�^!&�!��������>�PA�٪y��2�lTR�&�4��N�ާ��>�}L'�x!z ���$5���O'�$H� / �1� �� daW����U��U����V�M�68RO��h��� ΄ "�T��[��Ni�/P�/l)��Q���{�^E�'�/uĦD~'��?R �`�2P|������JO#Cq^�i8�lȨ!��^�!�w��{��ˁ�޽4��l�����\�2�\���bֈ`fv5j��X�Uգ��fD�� - � @omm��A3�&�=����[;�r̖�&;��2������80�o���C7���`�.x����J�_o�8��+|0 '�� and formalize animal welfare systems already in place; evaluate the roles and responsibilities of the government. Over the years studied, there was a decreasing trend in the total number of animal types used for the experiments in the articles. National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee, Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care, http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/, http://nslegislature.ca/legc/bills/60th_2nd/3rd_read/, )), which in most cases requires adherence to, ), which updates the 1986 Directive 86/609/EEC, Good Practice Guide for the use of animals in, ). Its members vary from practitioners, to government employees, but also include veterinar-. While the implementation of more, humane trials within regulatory testing is relatively easy, to measure, the take-up of the Three Rs within biomedi-. 149 0 obj wood, J., Lomas, M., Meacham, S., Peters, A., Prescott, M., Owen, S., Quest, R., Sutcliffe, R., Thompson, K., 2005. As an example. Guidelines on the Care and Use of Animals for Sci-, 55C0-3933-4EBC-B869-84621A9BF682/13557/Attach3_Animalsfor, National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of. For example, research, collaborations across national boundaries require simi-, larities in the quality of the research animal. Guide for the Care and Use of Labo-, ratory Animals. tional database on Laboratory Registration Codes. Legislation and oversight of the, conduct of research using animals: a global overview, Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals, W. Bayne, K., Bayvel, D., MacArthur Clark, J., Demers, G., Joubert, C., veterinary training and qualifications in laboratory animal medi-, cine: a global perspective. For example, iconic wildlife species such as the, giant panda, polar bear, gorilla, and a variety of whale, species have caught the attention of the global public so, that preserving the welfare of these animals, and oth-, ers like them, has become of paramount interest to the. endstream portation becomes increasingly difficult. issues in these program components were as follows: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, IACUC operations were the most commonly identi-. In: Bernardi, C., Gamble, M.R. A, number of national and international groups are actively, The trend toward harmonization of expectations at, which animal care and use programs will function is, tions and contracts cross national borders. consideration of alternatives to current practices. Concern about animal welfare is increasingly occu-. Most participants were ambivalent about re-use, but expressed concern that the practice could compromise experimental outcomes. protection and ethical treatment” of research animals. It includes, their use in research, teaching, field trials, product test-, ing, diagnosis, the production of biological products and, environmental studies”. They are generated by, and elicit specific behaviours designed to correct, imbalances in the animal's internal functional state. and issues of pain, stress, and distress, and their relief. P.L. Zimbabwe that may use animals in research, education, or testing and are members of the OIE default to the, standards promulgated by the OIE in the development, Many nations, whether explicitly or implicitly, include Three Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement), requirements within the regulations, codes, or guide-, lines that govern the use of animals in science within, their jurisdictions. (1) The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry, hereinafter referred to as "the Federal Ministry", shall hereby be empowered, if required for the welfare of animals, to issue ordinances, with the consent of the Bundesrat, specifying in greater detail the requirements of Article 2 regarding animal husbandry and shall, in particular, issue provisions on requirements regarding: (1a) The Federal Ministry shall be empowered, with the consent of the Bundesrat, if required for the The envisioned profiles are expected to have The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) [1] is a federal statute that directs the Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to “promulgate standards to govern the humane handling, care, treatment, and transportation of animals by dealers, research facilities, and exhibitors.” [2] The AWA also requires the Secretary to “promulgate standards … ILAR Journal 37 (2), 55–56, Institute of Medicine (IOM), 1995. Guide to the Care. ), Bioethics and the Use of Laboratory Ani-. 0000003424 00000 n Such appraisal, must also cover scientific, educational, or regulatory jus-, tification; the need for animals to be used; a harm/ben-, efit analysis; as well as a determination of the need for, retrospective assessment. ), Proceedings of the T, FELASA Symposium and the XIV ICLAS General Assembly &, monization of animal care and use guidance. 0000030832 00000 n articles on the “latest research relating to the develop-, ment, validation, introduction and use of alternatives to, The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[163.656 97.3415 237.264 105.3495]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> 0000005085 00000 n Public Law 110 -246 •Increases fines for violations of the Animal Welfare Act from $2500 to $10,000 (per violation, per animal, per day) •Prohibits the importation of dogs for resale, unless • In good health • Received all necessary vaccinations • At least 6 months old (Exemption for research purposes, medical treatment) ILAR Journal 50 (1), 85–88. endobj same time as implementing the Directive. Laboratory Animals 43, 149–154. In addition, the ILAR man-, ages the Animal Models and Genetic Stocks Information, Program, which includes the maintenance of an interna-. In 2006 the United Nations (UN) noted that in just, 12 years the world population was expected to climb fr, population reached 7 billion. The duties of, the IACUC are identical to those described for the United, ment of members of the IACUC or dissolve a commit-, tee and appoint a new committee if it is determined that, the licensee's IACUC is not performing its functions “in, a proper or satisfactory manner” (i.e. To be successful, however, the profession's leadership and members must engage without delay in advancing educational programs, research projects, and outreach to solidify authority in this key component of veterinary medicine. ing; (5) movement and vibration; (6) unfamiliar sights, sounds, and smells; (7) fluctuations in temperature and, humidity; (8) withholding of food or the animal not par-, taking of food or water; (9) disruption of the light:dark, cycle; and (10) new environment on the receiving end of, The landscape of laboratory animal transportation is, international regulations and/or permitting require-, ments impact the movement of research animals; animal, rights activists have engaged in an ongoing campaign, to pressure airlines to cease transporting research ani-, mals; developing countries are assuming an increasing, role in supplying some species of research animals, such, as nonhuman primates, which potentially results in lon-, ger journeys for the animals to reach the research insti-, tution; and international collaborations result in a need. The term ‘handling’ was added to the basic categories for which standards were to be created, and the … ods to improve the welfare of animals used in research. However, awareness of the exact standardization, validation, and approval process has been a major obstacle for many researchers. ); and the journey should, be designed to be the shortest length possible and most, comfortable for the animals to minimize their stress. for sharing of animal resources across country borders. Other organizations focused on the Three Rs include: tive from the European Commission, European trade, safety testing since 2005, it has worked to promote the, development and implementation of new Three Rs, methods and alternatives, and to facilitate the valida-. These included: euthanasia, humane endpoints, protocol review, user training programs, and genetically modified organ-, process involved forming ad hoc committees that identi-, fied existing guidance on a particular subject of impor-, tance that reflected best practices to date. 0000007830 00000 n And, the often sig-, nificant scientific and potentially confounding variable, thus be mitigated to a large extent through harmoniz-, the International Committee of the National Academies', Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), noted, that “science is about new discovery and knowledge, but, it is also about the international adoption and transfer of, rized that harmonization: “1) optimizes the quality, of science; 2) addresses the need for similar standards, to govern the care and use of animals in international, research protocols, thereby bringing a degr, lency to the data or information generated; 3) facilitates, the movement and exchange of research animals and, animal products; and 4) addresses the need for efficiency, in costs of research”. References. A. However, the animal r, industry is highly regulated in many countries, and thus, institutional attention to the welfare of animals used for, this purpose is attended to with equal concern across the, variety of species used. framework, taking into account issues related to knowledge The rationale is based largely, but not exclusively, on an experimentally supported neuropsychological understanding of relationships between emotions and behaviour, an understanding that has not yet been incorporated into animal welfare science thinking. Participants were not opposed to being offered "assistance" to implement the Three Rs, so long as the input is provided in a collegial manner, and from individuals who are perceived as experts. The resulting livestock maps were validated. 0000001076 00000 n Worldwide, the first law to regulate animal experimentation was Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. For example, in the, Pacific Rim region, the three most commonly identified. The composition of the Committee is specified as a chair, and 3–15 members, one-third of whom must be indepen-, dent of the institution. Standards are developed and, revised in response to the current and emerging needs of, care, and the needs of the CCAC Assessment and Certi-, fication Program. 0000013594 00000 n Other recent reports published by ILAR that, Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals, Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Ani-, Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral, International Association of Colleges of Laboratory, The International Association of Colleges of Labora-, tory Animal Medicine (IACLAM) is an association of, medicine. The similarities and differences in the qualifications, programs should be assessed in the context of the cultural, and regulatory framework in which the veterinarian, works as well as the educational opportunities available, qualifications and roles of the laboratory animal veteri-, narian, and thus the potential variability in the quality of, the veterinary medical program offered at each institu-, tion, can result in tangible consequences for the animal, and the research. ers are loaded and unloaded, safety considerations, understanding of contingency actions should an unex-, pected problem arise, animal restraint, and recognition, of signs of poor health or distress. use of great apes in scientific procedures is introduced). In 2004 the organization began to take an active role in, the international harmonization of guidelines for the use, nization of Guidelines on the Use of Animals in Science, subject areas where a harmonization of approach could. Exceptions include the United States, and the 27 member states of the EU (Directive, 2010/63/. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[81.0 154.941 255.474 163.95]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Mitos, realidades y tendencias actuales de las relaciones entre humanos y animales. In Singapore, the Animals and Birds, and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes) Rules 2004, detailed guidelines developed by a committee of sub-, ject experts from the government, academia, and indus-, research and education is covered by provisions of the, Act is the authority for the government to appoint a, Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision, of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). breeding and supplying establishments, 1995. The aim is to identify whether journals have editorial policies relating to the use of animals in the research that they are prepared to publish and whether any policies are likely to promote animal welfare and dissemination of information on the 3Rs (reduction, refinement, replacement) within the scientific community. <>stream proposed length-radius dimension and those landscape patterns. that in the home country of the contracting organization. Results 146 0 obj We categorised all of the articles published in Nature Medicine from 1998 to 2003, on the basis of the pain and distress of the animals used in the experiments featured in the analysed article. The Laws, Regulations, and Guidelines for Animal Research in China Mainland (China), Japan, and South Korea (Korea) will be discussed in this chapter. (special issue), Science Council of Japan, 2006. Penalty.] The new provision for … Both the standards and related inspections are, developed and implemented in a variety of ways around, the world, with one exception. Therefore, the veterinary profession has an opportunity to reassert itself as the advocate not only for animals' physical health but also for their mental health and welfare. Implementation of the Thr. While translations of some doc-, uments are available (e.g. In addition, pressures on both the health care, biomedical research and preclinical trials—and science, variety of sources show that demands for new and better, medications and for research on health and quality of life, lation. 147 0 obj These 11 principles served as the basis for “U.S. Implementation of the Three Rs in Biomedical Research - Has the Turn of the Century Turned the Tide? views on the Three Rs, and to identify obstacles and opportunities for continued implementation of the Three Rs in Canada. area. Implementation of this agreement is intended to maintain and, enhance agency effectiveness while avoiding duplication of ef-, forts to achieve required standards for the care and use of labo-, In this manner, the agencies cooperate to minimize, conflicting standards and share information to promote, are taken across the region. cover diversity and land cover connectivity. The Centre was established in, 1992 within the Joint Research Centre, as an association, of seven different institutes that supply scientific and, technical advice to the European Commission. their national systems of legislation. 140 0 obj These action-orientated systems, described in neuropsychological terms, give rise to negative emotions that include fear, anger and panic, and positive emotions that include comfort, vitality, euphoria and playfulness. Similarly, very few suggestions for improvement have been cited, veterinary care. 54. and use community through the use of expert committees. One of the ways it does this is by funding, Three Rs research, as well as encouraging the integration. An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suf, from unpleasant states such as pain, fear and distress. is the responsibility of the secretary of state in the UK, carried out through the Home Office Inspectorate, in a, system where animal users, institutions, and individual, projects must all be licensed. the 7th edition of the, translations are complex and often costly, ments may be updated or revised, thus rendering the, translation outdated (for example, an 8th edition of the, the translation must be assured. in the basics of research by having engaged in research, either as a lead scientist or as a collaborator. IACLAM, notes that “While basic veterinary education imparts, some of the specialized skills and information necessary, to care for laboratory animals, the diversity and complex-, ity of the laboratory environment, and the species used, within that environment, requires additional experience, ulatory environment to determine the extent to which, veterinary qualifications, and the resulting programs of. It has since evolved to include a Global, Cooperation Group that represents areas (Asia-Pacific, Economic Cooperation (APEC), Association of Southeast. Heating, ventilation, and air condition-, ing systems; mechanical cage washers; appropriately, designed and manufactured animal caging; and other, infrastructure elements that support animal well-being, come at a high cost. The importance of the quality of veterinary medical, care provided to animals used in RTT to help sustain, good animal welfare, often under challenging circum-, stances, cannot be overstated. The legislation sets the minimum membership of what, be otherwise associated with the institution. None of the respondents allocate budget for a specific Three Rs alternatives search, although 50% do spend, on average, two hours engaged in this search for each application to their animal ethics committees. The Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International. UK Home Office. which set limits on the practice of, and instituted a licensing system for animal experimentation, amending the Cruelty to Animals Act 1849.Its long title was An Act to amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals (15th August 1876). differ between the two downscaling approaches but also between livestock types and countries. Because AAALAC International uses as, emphasis on the provision of environmental enrich-, ment to animals since 1996, institutions participating, in AAALAC's accreditation program have voluntarily, ment environmental enrichment. At one end of, the spectrum is the specialty board certification offered, by ACLAM, ECLAM, JCLAM, and KCLAM. 91-579), renamed the Animal Welfare Act, ... impose a uniform civil penalty of up to $1,000 on all persons regulated under the statute, and eliminate the requirement that the Secretary issue a cease-and-desist order before imposing a civil penalty on research facilities; (6) make it a crime punishable by fine and imprisonment to … Towards a More Sustainable Use of Scarce Metals - The Code is common. Animal Welfare Act 2006. 150 0 obj ] (c) Any dealer who violates any provision of this Act shall, on conviction thereof, be subject to imprisonment for not more than one year or a fine of not more than $1,000, or both. subject to an intense debate in recent studies. %%EOF The vet-, erinarian should have authority and responsibility for, making judgments concerning animal welfare. <>stream 145 0 obj In Defense of Globalization. endobj their more sustainable use have been They must include all, four parties within the platform and must operate in an, Ecopa operates through an elected board and, since. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain, National Research Council, 2011. Whether, these data reflect an underreporting of Three Rs tech-, niques being employed or a lack of understanding about, the Three Rs, there is clearly room for greater uptake, An ad hoc Interagency Coordinating Committee on, convened in September 1994 to develop a report to, respond to requirements in the NIH Revitalization, of 1993, which required the establishment of criteria for, the validation and regulatory acceptance of alternative, toxicological testing methods. Under the 1986 Act, project licenses are only granted for, specified permissible purposes, such as where there are, no nonanimal alternatives; when the benefits expected, from the programs of work are judged to outweigh the, likely adverse effects on the animals concerned; and, where the number of animals used and their suffering is, minimized. While the CCAC system is voluntary, most of the provinces have amended the regulations per-, taining to their respective legislation to make reference, HOW COUNTRIES PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH ANIMAL WELFARE OVERSIGHT, In September 2010, the European Union (EU) adopted, Consultation on the update took the form of two sepa-, rate Internet questionnaires, one for all interested citi-. interventions towards, Length-radius dimension of roads is presented to serve as one index of anthropogenic National Academies Press, W, National Research Council, 1998. The only province that has specific legislation relating, to this use is Ontario where the Animals for Research, of control based on the registration of research facilities, and the issuance of licenses for supply facilities. The new Directive, which took full effect on January 1, 2013, has a stron-, ger focus on animal welfare, with the principle of the, the legislation itself. Alternatives to Laboratory, and guidelines impacting animal welfare. The responsibilities of inves-, tigators and institutions are detailed, as are the terms, of reference, membership, and operation of AECs. with special emphasis on the role of the veterinarian in, International Conference on Harmonisation, of Technical Requirements for Registration of, Pharmaceuticals for Human Use and International, Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical, Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Products, The International Conference on Harmonisation of, cals for Human Use (ICH) was created in 1990 as a col-, laborative forum between the regulatory authorities and, pharmaceutical industries of Europe, Japan, and the United, States in order to discuss scientific and technical aspects of, drug registration. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[81.0 646.991 443.7 665.009]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> 51. This issue should be, anticipated and addressed if the review of documents is, a key component of the oversight mechanism. fare enhancement by eliminating/minimizing negative, animal states has been replaced with a more proactive, approach to requiring the presence of positive affective, The definition of animal welfare that perhaps has, the most global influence is that of the OIE. Responses from 414 participants indicate that researchers currently do not view the goal of replacement as achievable. Animal wel-, fare was identified by the OIE as a priority in its 2001–, to the long-distance transport of animals and to the kill-, ing of animals for both human consumption and dis-. Full, members of ecopa include national consensus platforms. made to the protocol, and the results of the experiment. All rights reserved. ensues from such international collaboration. Examples of work ongoing within VICH GL50: Har-, monization of criteria to waive target animal batch. So, high standards applied in one, country or region of the world are expected to be applied, Association for Assessment and Accreditation, AAALAC International is a nonprofit organization, incorporated in 1965 that provides assessment and, testing, or teaching. Some, countries, such as China, use diagnostic testing agents/, kits produced by multinational companies with sites in. The Directive requires systematic, ethical evaluation of, There is considerable variation in the manner member, countries choose to exercise the Directive, but member, states are obliged to produce a guidance document at the. Welcome to Animal Welfare. One approach that seems rather appropriate is that of systematic review. erenced included federal laws and the NIH Guide, which included “Principles for the Use of Laboratory, Animals”. regarding acceptable care and use of animals. ... Después de todo esto podríamos pensar que solamente somos crueles con los toros, los perros, los gallos y las orcas, pero tristemente hay otras especies que también sufren bajo nuestras manos, veamos entonces los efectos antrópicos en el uso de animales en turismo no consciente. In some cases, language issues may impose a barrier to reviewing the, collaborating institution's records. 57. 56. Because of its limited availability in many parts of, the world, chemical grade pentobarbital is used. laboratory animal medical and science associa-, tions). Societal, expectations, both nationally and internationally, placing substantial pressure on veterinarians to ensure, good welfare of the animals that are our companions, and that we use for food, for work, for entertainment, for, exhibition, for education, and for research.